29.6.4 Bituminous Pavers
Bituminous pavers shall be self-contained, power-propelled units, provided with an activated screed or strike-off assembly, heated if necessary and capable of spreading and finishing courses of bituminous plant-mix material in lane widths applicable to the specified typical section and thicknesses shown on the plans. Pavers used for shoulders and similar construction shall be capable of spreading and finishing course of bitumi¬nous plant mix material in widths shown on the plans.
The pavers shall be equipped with a receiving hopper having sufficient capacity for a uniform spreading operation. The pavers shall be equipped with automatic feed controls, properly adjusted to maintain a uniform depth of material ahead of the screed.
The screed or strike-off assembly shall effectively produce a finished surface of the required evenness and texture without tearing, shoving or gouging the mixture..
When laying mixtures, the paver shall be capable of being operated at forward speeds consistent with satisfactory laying of the mixture.
The paver shall be equipped with automatic screed controls with sensors for either or both sides of the paver, capable of sensing 'grade from an outside reference line, sensing the transverse slope of the screed and providing the automatic signals which operate the screed to maintain the desired grade and transverse slope. The sensor shall be so constructed that it will operate from a reference line or a ski-like arrangement.
The transverse slope controller shall be capable of maintaining the screed at the desired slope within plus or minus 0.1 percent.
Manual operation will be permitted in the construction of irregularly shaped and minor areas.
Whenever a breakdown or malfunction of the automatic controls occurs, the equipment may be operated manually or by other methods for the remainder of the. normal working day on which the breakdown or malfunction occurred provided this method of operation will produce results otherwise meeting specifications.
Reference lines will be required for 'both outer edges of the traveled way for each main line roadway for vertical control. Horizontal control utilizing the reference line will be permitted, The grade and slope for intermediate lanes shall be controlled automatically from reference lines or by means of a ski and a slope control device or a dual ski arrangement. When the finish of the grade prepared for paving is superior to the established tolerance and, when in the opinion of the Employer, further improvement to the line, grade, cross sections and smoothness can best be achieved without the use of the reference line; a ski-like arrangement may be substituted subject to the continued approval of the Employer. The use of the reference lines shall be reinstated immediately whenever the Contractor fails to maintain a superior pavement. The Contractor shall furnish and install all pins, brackets, tensioning devices, wire ~nd accessories necessary for satisfactory operation of the automatic control equipment.

29.6.5 Rollers
Rollers shall be steel wheel, pneumatic tire or vibratory, or a combination thereof. The roller(s) shall be in good condition, capable of reversing without backlash, and shall be operated at speeds slow enough to avoid displacement to the bituminous mixture. The number and weight of rollers shall be sufficient to compact the mixture to the required density while it is still in a workable condition. Vibratory rollers shall be acceptable for bituminous mixture compaction. The use of equipment which results in excessive crushing of the aggregate will not be permitted.

29.6.6 Preparation of Base or Existing Pavement Surface
Before spreading materials, the surface of base or existing pavement on which the mix is to be placed shall be conditioned by application of a prime or tack coat as specified.
After a prime coat is applied, it shall be left undisturbed not less than 24 hours. The Contractor shall maintain the primed surface until the mix material has been placed.
This maintenance shall include the spreading of sand or other approved material, if necessary to prevent adherence of the prime coat to the tires of vehicles using the primed surface, and patching any breaks in the primed surfCJce with additional bituminous material. Any area of primed surface that has become damaged shall be repaired before the mix is placed.
After a tack coat is applied, it shall be allowed to dry until it is in the proper condition of tackiness to receive the mix. The tack coat shall be applied only as far in advance of the placing of mix as is necessary to obtain the proper condition of tackiness. Any breaks in the tack coat shall be repaired.
When the surface of the existing pavement or old base is irregular, it shall be brought to uniform grade and cross-section by leveling course as directed.
A thin coating of bituminous material shall be placed on contact surface of curbing, gutters, manholes, and other structures prior to the bituminous mixture being placed against them.

29.6.7 Spreading and Finishing
The mixture shall be laid upon an approved surface, spread and struck off to the section and elevation established. Bituminous pavers shall be used to distribute the mixture either over the entire width or over such partial width as may be practicable.
The longitudinal joint in one layer shall offset that in the layer immediately below by approximately 15.0 cm; however, the joint in the top layer shall be at the centerline of the pavement if the roadway comprises two lanes of width, or at lane lines if the roadway' is more than 2 lanes in width.
On areas where irregularities or unavoidable obstacles make the use of mechanical spreading and finishing equipment impracticable, the mixture shall be spread and raked by hand tools. For such areas the mixture shall be dumped, spread and screeded to give the required compacted thickness.
When production of the mixture can be maintained and when practical, the pavers shall be used in echelon to place the wearing course in adjacent lanes and shoulders.
All mixtures shall be spread at a temperature of not less than 140°C (284°F) and all initial rolling or tamping shall be performed when the temperature of the mixture is such that the sum of the air. temperature plus the temperature of the mixture is between
165°C (330°F) and 190°C (375°F). The mixture shall not be placed on any wet surface or when weather conditions will otherwise prevent its proper handling or finishing.

29.6.8 Compaction
The surface shall be rolled when the mixture is in the proper condition and when the rolling does not cause undue displacement, cracking or shoving.
The number, weight and type of rollers of furnished shall be sufficient to obtain the required compaction while the mixture is in workable condition, The sequence of rolling operations and the selection of roller types shall provide the specified pavement density. Initial rolling with a tandem steel roller or a three-wheeled steel roller shall follow the paver as closely as possible.
Unless otherwise directed, rolling shall begin at the sides and proceed longitudinally parallel to the road centerline, each trip overlapping one-half of the roller width, gradually progressing to the crown of the road. When paving in echelon or abutting a previously placed lane, the longitudinal joint should be rolled first followed by the regular rolling procedure. On super-elevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low side and progress to the high side by overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel to the centerline. Intermediate rolling with a pneumatic tired roller shall be done behind, the initial rolling. Final rolling shall eliminate marks from previous rolling.
Rollers shall move at a slow but uniform speed with the drive roll or wheels nearest the paver. Rolling shall be continued until all roller marks are eliminated and a minimum density of 90 percent of the theoretical maximum density or a minimum density of 97 percent of a laboratory compacted specimen made in the proportions of the Job Mix Formula has been obtained.
Any displacement occurring as a result of the reversing of the direction of a roller, or from other causes, shall be corrected at once by the use of rakes and addition of fresh mixture when required. Care shall be exercised in rolling not to displace the line and grade of the edges of the bituminous mixture.
To prevent adhesion of the mixture to the rollers, it may be necessary to keep the wheels properly moistened with water or water mixed with very small quantities of detergent or other approved material. Excess liquid will not be permitted.
Along forms, curbs, headers, walls and other places not accessible to the roller, the mixture shall be thoroughly compacted with hot hand tampers, smoothing irons or with mechanical tampers. On depressed areas, a trench roller may be used or cleated compression strips may be used under the roller to transmit compression to the depressed area.

Any mixture that become loose and broken, mixed with dirt, or is in any way defective shall be removed and replaced with fresh hot mixture, which shall be compacted to conform with the surrounding area. Any area showir:lg an excess or deficiency of bituminous material shall be removed and replaced.

29.6.9 Pavement Thickness and Tolerances
The asphalt concrete wearing course shall be compacted to the desired level and cross slope as shown on the Drawing or as directed by the Employer.
The tolerances in compacted thickness of the wearing course shall be j: 5% from the desired thickness shown on the Drawings. For determination of the average thickness, 6 cores per kilometer shall be taken as directed by the Employer. If the average thickness so determined is deficient by more than 5%, the Employer shall decide whether to accept the deficit thickness or to direct reconstruction.
The surface of the wearing course shall be tested by the Employer using a 3-meter straightedge at selected locations. The variation of the surface from the' testing edge of the straightedge between any two contacts, longitudinal or transverse with the surface shall at no point exceed 5 millimeters.
The cross fail or camber shall be within:!:. 0.2% of that specified, and the level at any point shall be within:!:. 5.0 millimeters of the level shown on the plans. All humps or depressions exceeding the specified tolerance shall be corrected by removing the defective work and replacing it with new material, by overlaying, or by other means satisfactory to the Employer.
29.6.10 Acceptance Sampling and Testing

Acceptance sampling and testing with respect to materials and construction requirements shall be in accordance with the following table:
Material Test AASHTO Sampling and Testing
Designation Frequency
Coarse Abrasion T 96 3/source plus 1/5000m3
Aggregate Sodium Sulfate Soundness T 104 3/source plus 1/5000m3
Stripping T 182 3/source
Fracture faces Visual 3/source plus as required
based on visual observation
Flat and Elongated Visual 3/source plus as required
Particles . based on visual observation
Specific Gravity T 85 2/source for each size in hot
bins of Asphalt Plant

Material Test AASHTO Sampling and Testing
Designation Frequency
Fine Sand Equivalent T 176 3!source rlus as required
Aggregate OR OR based on visual observation
Plasticity Index T 89 & T 90
Specific Gravity T 84 2!source
Asphalt Specific Gravity T 228 2!shipment
Cement
Penetration T 49 3!week of plant operation,
Samples taken from heating
tank at staggered intervals.
Mixture Extraction T 164 3!day's production
Gradation 130 3!day's production
Bulk S.G T 166 (Method B) 3!day's production
Maximum S.G T 209 3!day's production
Air Voids T 269 3!day's production
Voids Filled W!Bitumen Computed Per 3!day's production
Inst. Procedure
Mixture Thickness T 230 1!layer @ 100 m. average
Compacted in interval
Place Compaction T 230 or ASTM 1!layer!each 100 m laid
o 2950

29.6.10.1." DESCRIPTION
a. This work shall consist of furnishing and laying pavement edging, curbs and gutter, of specified type and materials, on a prepared subgrade surface, in accordance with these specifications and to the lines, grades, thickness and cross sections shown on the Drawings and/or as directed by the Employer.
b. All the provisions of Section 05.1 shall apply to this section of specifications.

29.6.10.2. MATERIALS
29.6.10.3 General
a. Bricks, Portland cement and water shall conform to the requirements, laid down in
Section 02.1 "Common Building Materials".
b. Portland cement concrete and formwork shall conform to the requirements, laid
down in Section 08.1.1 "Portland Cement Concrete".
c. Sand, for bedding under edging, curbs and gutters shall be locally available clean
sand.
29.6.10.3 Pavement Edging: Except where otherwise specified, pavement edging shall consist of a single layer of brick on edge, with 230mm x 75mm (9" x 3") face, contiguous to the pavement edge, with close joints, laid over 25mm (1") sand cushion and sand grouted.
29.6.10.4 Road Curbs and Gutters: Except where otherwise specified, road curb and gutter units shall be of precast, plain Portland Cement Concrete (Class C), with fair finish on all visible faces, constructed to lengths, shapes and other details, as shown in the Drawings.

29.7. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
29.7.1 Pavement Edging
a. Except for the top most layer of the base course, all other layers, of subbase and base courses, shall. be laid and compacted without laying edging, but after completion of the consecutive layers of earthen shoulders at the same level, as the pavement layer to be rolled.

b. While laying the top most layer of the base course, the edging units layer shall be laid, over sand cushion, of specified thickness, with close joints and sand grouted.
c. The top of the edging units, after rolling, shall be in line with the finished profile of the base course. The edging layer shall be rolled, simultaneously, with the final layer of base course, after completion of the earthen shoulders.

29.7.2 Road Curbs and Gutters
a. Excavation: Excavation shall be made to the required depth and the subgrade, upon which the curb is to be set, shall be compacted to an even surface. All soft and unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced with suitable material, which, shall be thoroughly compacted.
b. Sand Bed: Where specified, a sand layer, of specified thickness, shall be placed
and compacted over well-prepared subgrade.
c. Blindinq Concrete: Where specified, a blinding concrete layer, of specifjed class and thickness, shall be placed, over the sand bed, or directly over well prepared subgrade, as shown.
d. Installation: The curbs and gutters shall be so set, that the face and top lines
conform to the required lines and grades.
e. Joints: Curbs and gutters shall be laid with joints, as close as possible. These
joints shall be filled with 1:3 cement sand mortar.